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Strengthening
Families and Protecting Children from Substance Abuse
CONCLUSION
The
Family Climate
The Larger Environment
Endnotes
For
the most part, this guide focuses on effective strategies that practitioners
can apply as they work directly with families, and on the family
as a system of relationships. While these relationships are extremely
important in a child's life, the family has other functions as well.
In this Conclusion, we offer some additional steps that families
can take to enhance prevention efforts that target what we have
called the family climate and the larger environment.
The
Family Climate
A
child's family is his or her primary environment. Children are influenced
by many factors outside the home, but the family is a critical place
of development. The family is the setting in which a child begins
to develop a sense of the world—of what is right or wrong,
good or bad, acceptable or unacceptable, Children develop this sense
in part through what their parents tell them, and by observing their
parents. actions and listening to their conversations with others.
For example, children are likely to imitate the mannerisms and table
manners of their parents, answer the telephone in the same fashion,
and use the same expressions (even slang or swear words) that they
hear their parents use. We call the environment in which children
learn these things the "family climate."
There
are several things that parents can do to create a family climate
that discourages the use of alcohol, tobacco, or other drugs. They
can be divided into three categories: access, rules, and attitudes.
Access
Parents
can take steps to reduce their child's access to substances,
particularly alcohol and tobacco. A survey of youth in grades 7
to 12 conducted by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
found that approximately 25 percent of twelfth graders obtain alcohol
from their parents, with or without their knowledge. Younger students
are even more likely to access alcohol in this way; nearly 75 percent
of seventh graders who said they drink claimed to get alcohol from
their parents.[64]
The
same study found that close to two-thirds of all students who drink
buy their own alcohol. Other studies that examined the ability of
minors to purchase alcohol in various towns and cities found that
they were successful in 44 to 97 percent of attempts.[65] Similarly, several studies of tobacco-control
interventions found that prior to efforts to reduce sales to youth,
adolescents were able to buy cigarettes between 57 and 74 percent
of the time.[66]
Parents
can help limit their children's access to alcohol and tobacco by:
-
not
keeping alcohol or tobacco in the house, or keeping it locked
up and inaccessible to children or adolescents
-
not
providing alcohol or encouraging alcohol use at parties or celebrations
for adolescents
-
communicating
with other parents to ensure that they take the same precautions
-
working
with other members of the community, local businesses, and law
enforcement to support laws restricting youth access to alcohol
and tobacco
-
encouraging
and supporting law enforcement efforts to reduce sales of illegal
drugs (e.g., attending community meetings to voice support,
taking part in community patrolling or other initiatives)
Rules
Parents
can begin to teach their children about what is and is not appropriate
or acceptable behavior by establishing rules. Parents can
adopt a variety of rules to demonstrate that alcohol and drug use
is unacceptable for their children. Here are some examples:
-
Children
may not consume alcohol until they are of legal drinking age.
-
Children
may not smoke or use drugs of any kind.
-
Children
may not attend parties or gatherings where minors use alcohol
or drugs.
While
the mere existence of rules can show children how their parents
feel about alcohol and drug use, such rules are much more effective
if they are enforced. By spelling out the sanctions for breaking
rules before disobedience occurs, parents can send the message that
they are serious about the forbidden behavior. For example, in the
course of a conversation about the dangers of using drugs, a parent
might tell his or her children that if they are found to have used
drugs, they will be grounded.
Some
rules are more difficult to enforce than others, especially for
teenagers, who spend more time out of the house and without direct
supervision. However, parents can take some steps to increase the
likelihood that their children will obey the rules even when they
are out of the house. Here are some examples:
-
talking
to other parents before their children attend parties, to ensure
that there will be adult supervision and that no alcohol will
be served
-
becoming
active in the community, such as volunteering in schools or
faith-based activities, and getting to know fellow parents and
community members; children will be less likely to misbehave
or associate with others who misbehave if they know that their
parents may hear about it.
Attitudes
Children
inherit many of their parents. mannerisms, habits, and beliefs.
in general, their attitudes about a variety of things, by
watching, listening, and imitating. For example, nutritionists have
long recognized that children learn their dietary and nutritional
habits and preferences at home. If parents overeat or obsess about
food and weight, or conversely, if parents pursue proper nutrition
and have a healthy attitude toward food, children will tend to adopt
similar patterns.[67]
By
demonstrating healthy attitudes about alcohol, tobacco, and other
drugs, parents can help their children develop similar sensibilities.
Guiding children toward healthy attitudes requires much more than
talking to them directly about substance use and abuse. Children
will notice if parents do not heed their own advice or take on alternative
perspectives when interacting with their own friends. In other words,
in order for parents to convey healthy attitudes to their children,
they themselves must first adopt healthy actions, not just beliefs.
Here
are some things that parents can do to convey healthy attitudes
to their children:
-
Provide
children with accurate information about the dangers of alcohol,
tobacco, and other drugs; the U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services study found that almost 80 percent of students
didn't know the relative strengths of different alcoholic beverages,
and over 33 percent believed that drinking coffee or taking
a cold shower can "sober you up."[68]
-
Encourage
children to critically evaluate advertisements and programs
that glamorize smoking or alcohol or drug use (in other words,
acquire media literacy).
-
Refrain
from laughing or making jokes about people on television or
in real life who are intoxicated.
-
Maintain
the same disposition toward substance use in relationships with
adults; children may pick up on their parents. laughing with
friends about drinking too much or using drugs.
- Follow
their own guidance; drink in moderation or not at all, and avoid
tobacco and nonmedical use of other drugs altogether.
The
Larger Environment
Children
are also influenced by the community overall and by the larger environment.
Prevention aimed at the larger environment is based on the community
systems perspective, which views a community as a group of people
engaged in shared social, cultural, political, and economic processes.[69] As Michael Klitzner points out, "The
shared environment [norms, regulations, and availability] supports
some behaviors and thwarts others."[70]
Families
and members of families can play an important role in bringing about
changes in the larger environment. As individuals, professionals,
and members of community groups and state and national organizations,
parents can get involved in changing the environment in ways that
contribute to prevention. The following five environmental strategies
can have a significant impact:[71]
Policy:
Public
policies—laws and regulations—can be designed to limit
access to alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs and to decrease the
problems associated with their use.
Enforcement:
In
order for laws and regulations to deter people and businesses from
specified illegal behaviors, they must be accompanied by significant
penalties and they must be enforced.
Education:
In
order for environmental strategies such as policy changes, enforcement,
and community collaborations to be successful, the public must know
what measures are available to them and what policies they are expected
to follow.
Communications:
Media
and other communications efforts can be used to help change or reinforce
community norms concerning tolerance of sales to and use by minors.
Collaboration:
Coalition-building
activities that engage businesses, community groups, and schools
can help to raise awareness about the issues of substance abuse
and can coordinate prevention and treatment services for more effective
delivery.
For
more information on how individuals can contribute to changing the
larger environment, please see Appendix B.
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